refactor: rename canto-backend → backend, canto-frontend → frontend

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/indextts/gpt/conformer/attention.py

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2019 Shigeki Karita
+#               2020 Mobvoi Inc (Binbin Zhang)
+#               2022 Xingchen Song (sxc19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Multi-Head Attention layer definition."""
+
+import math
+from typing import Tuple
+
+import torch
+from torch import nn
+
+
+class MultiHeadedAttention(nn.Module):
+    """Multi-Head Attention layer.
+
+    Args:
+        n_head (int): The number of heads.
+        n_feat (int): The number of features.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, n_head: int, n_feat: int, dropout_rate: float):
+        """Construct an MultiHeadedAttention object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        assert n_feat % n_head == 0
+        # We assume d_v always equals d_k
+        self.d_k = n_feat // n_head
+        self.h = n_head
+        self.linear_q = nn.Linear(n_feat, n_feat)
+        self.linear_k = nn.Linear(n_feat, n_feat)
+        self.linear_v = nn.Linear(n_feat, n_feat)
+        self.linear_out = nn.Linear(n_feat, n_feat)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout_rate)
+
+    def forward_qkv(
+        self, query: torch.Tensor, key: torch.Tensor, value: torch.Tensor
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Transform query, key and value.
+
+        Args:
+            query (torch.Tensor): Query tensor (#batch, time1, size).
+            key (torch.Tensor): Key tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+            value (torch.Tensor): Value tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Transformed query tensor, size
+                (#batch, n_head, time1, d_k).
+            torch.Tensor: Transformed key tensor, size
+                (#batch, n_head, time2, d_k).
+            torch.Tensor: Transformed value tensor, size
+                (#batch, n_head, time2, d_k).
+
+        """
+        n_batch = query.size(0)
+        q = self.linear_q(query).view(n_batch, -1, self.h, self.d_k)
+        k = self.linear_k(key).view(n_batch, -1, self.h, self.d_k)
+        v = self.linear_v(value).view(n_batch, -1, self.h, self.d_k)
+        q = q.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+        k = k.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head, time2, d_k)
+        v = v.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head, time2, d_k)
+
+        return q, k, v
+
+    def forward_attention(
+        self, value: torch.Tensor, scores: torch.Tensor,
+        mask: torch.Tensor = torch.ones((0, 0, 0), dtype=torch.bool)
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Compute attention context vector.
+
+        Args:
+            value (torch.Tensor): Transformed value, size
+                (#batch, n_head, time2, d_k).
+            scores (torch.Tensor): Attention score, size
+                (#batch, n_head, time1, time2).
+            mask (torch.Tensor): Mask, size (#batch, 1, time2) or
+                (#batch, time1, time2), (0, 0, 0) means fake mask.
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Transformed value (#batch, time1, d_model)
+                weighted by the attention score (#batch, time1, time2).
+
+        """
+        n_batch = value.size(0)
+        # NOTE(xcsong): When will `if mask.size(2) > 0` be True?
+        #   1. onnx(16/4) [WHY? Because we feed real cache & real mask for the
+        #           1st chunk to ease the onnx export.]
+        #   2. pytorch training
+        if mask.size(2) > 0 :  # time2 > 0
+            mask = mask.unsqueeze(1).eq(0)  # (batch, 1, *, time2)
+            # For last chunk, time2 might be larger than scores.size(-1)
+            mask = mask[:, :, :, :scores.size(-1)]  # (batch, 1, *, time2)
+            scores = scores.masked_fill(mask, -float('inf'))
+            attn = torch.softmax(scores, dim=-1).masked_fill(
+                mask, 0.0)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+        # NOTE(xcsong): When will `if mask.size(2) > 0` be False?
+        #   1. onnx(16/-1, -1/-1, 16/0)
+        #   2. jit (16/-1, -1/-1, 16/0, 16/4)
+        else:
+            attn = torch.softmax(scores, dim=-1)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+
+        p_attn = self.dropout(attn)
+        x = torch.matmul(p_attn, value)  # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+        x = (x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(n_batch, -1,
+                                                 self.h * self.d_k)
+             )  # (batch, time1, d_model)
+
+        return self.linear_out(x)  # (batch, time1, d_model)
+
+    def forward(self, query: torch.Tensor, key: torch.Tensor,
+                value: torch.Tensor,
+                mask: torch.Tensor = torch.ones((0, 0, 0), dtype=torch.bool),
+                pos_emb: torch.Tensor = torch.empty(0),
+                cache: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros((0, 0, 0, 0))
+                ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Compute scaled dot product attention.
+
+        Args:
+            query (torch.Tensor): Query tensor (#batch, time1, size).
+            key (torch.Tensor): Key tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+            value (torch.Tensor): Value tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+            mask (torch.Tensor): Mask tensor (#batch, 1, time2) or
+                (#batch, time1, time2).
+                1.When applying cross attention between decoder and encoder,
+                the batch padding mask for input is in (#batch, 1, T) shape.
+                2.When applying self attention of encoder,
+                the mask is in (#batch, T, T)  shape.
+                3.When applying self attention of decoder,
+                the mask is in (#batch, L, L)  shape.
+                4.If the different position in decoder see different block
+                of the encoder, such as Mocha, the passed in mask could be
+                in (#batch, L, T) shape. But there is no such case in current
+                Wenet.
+            cache (torch.Tensor): Cache tensor (1, head, cache_t, d_k * 2),
+                where `cache_t == chunk_size * num_decoding_left_chunks`
+                and `head * d_k == size`
+
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Output tensor (#batch, time1, d_model).
+            torch.Tensor: Cache tensor (1, head, cache_t + time1, d_k * 2)
+                where `cache_t == chunk_size * num_decoding_left_chunks`
+                and `head * d_k == size`
+
+        """
+        q, k, v = self.forward_qkv(query, key, value)
+
+        # NOTE(xcsong):
+        #   when export onnx model, for 1st chunk, we feed
+        #       cache(1, head, 0, d_k * 2) (16/-1, -1/-1, 16/0 mode)
+        #       or cache(1, head, real_cache_t, d_k * 2) (16/4 mode).
+        #       In all modes, `if cache.size(0) > 0` will alwayse be `True`
+        #       and we will always do splitting and
+        #       concatnation(this will simplify onnx export). Note that
+        #       it's OK to concat & split zero-shaped tensors(see code below).
+        #   when export jit  model, for 1st chunk, we always feed
+        #       cache(0, 0, 0, 0) since jit supports dynamic if-branch.
+        # >>> a = torch.ones((1, 2, 0, 4))
+        # >>> b = torch.ones((1, 2, 3, 4))
+        # >>> c = torch.cat((a, b), dim=2)
+        # >>> torch.equal(b, c)        # True
+        # >>> d = torch.split(a, 2, dim=-1)
+        # >>> torch.equal(d[0], d[1])  # True
+        if cache.size(0) > 0:
+            key_cache, value_cache = torch.split(
+                cache, cache.size(-1) // 2, dim=-1)
+            k = torch.cat([key_cache, k], dim=2)
+            v = torch.cat([value_cache, v], dim=2)
+        # NOTE(xcsong): We do cache slicing in encoder.forward_chunk, since it's
+        #   non-trivial to calculate `next_cache_start` here.
+        new_cache = torch.cat((k, v), dim=-1)
+
+        scores = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-2, -1)) / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
+        return self.forward_attention(v, scores, mask), new_cache
+
+
+class RelPositionMultiHeadedAttention(MultiHeadedAttention):
+    """Multi-Head Attention layer with relative position encoding.
+    Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02860
+    Args:
+        n_head (int): The number of heads.
+        n_feat (int): The number of features.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, n_head, n_feat, dropout_rate):
+        """Construct an RelPositionMultiHeadedAttention object."""
+        super().__init__(n_head, n_feat, dropout_rate)
+        # linear transformation for positional encoding
+        self.linear_pos = nn.Linear(n_feat, n_feat, bias=False)
+        # these two learnable bias are used in matrix c and matrix d
+        # as described in https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02860 Section 3.3
+        self.pos_bias_u = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(self.h, self.d_k))
+        self.pos_bias_v = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(self.h, self.d_k))
+        torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.pos_bias_u)
+        torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.pos_bias_v)
+
+    def rel_shift(self, x, zero_triu: bool = False):
+        """Compute relative positinal encoding.
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (batch, time, size).
+            zero_triu (bool): If true, return the lower triangular part of
+                the matrix.
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Output tensor.
+        """
+
+        zero_pad = torch.zeros((x.size()[0], x.size()[1], x.size()[2], 1),
+                               device=x.device,
+                               dtype=x.dtype)
+        x_padded = torch.cat([zero_pad, x], dim=-1)
+
+        x_padded = x_padded.view(x.size()[0],
+                                 x.size()[1],
+                                 x.size(3) + 1, x.size(2))
+        x = x_padded[:, :, 1:].view_as(x)
+
+        if zero_triu:
+            ones = torch.ones((x.size(2), x.size(3)))
+            x = x * torch.tril(ones, x.size(3) - x.size(2))[None, None, :, :]
+
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, query: torch.Tensor,
+                key: torch.Tensor, value: torch.Tensor,
+                mask: torch.Tensor = torch.ones((0, 0, 0), dtype=torch.bool),
+                pos_emb: torch.Tensor = torch.empty(0),
+                cache: torch.Tensor = torch.zeros((0, 0, 0, 0))
+                ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Compute 'Scaled Dot Product Attention' with rel. positional encoding.
+        Args:
+            query (torch.Tensor): Query tensor (#batch, time1, size).
+            key (torch.Tensor): Key tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+            value (torch.Tensor): Value tensor (#batch, time2, size).
+            mask (torch.Tensor): Mask tensor (#batch, 1, time2) or
+                (#batch, time1, time2), (0, 0, 0) means fake mask.
+            pos_emb (torch.Tensor): Positional embedding tensor
+                (#batch, time2, size).
+            cache (torch.Tensor): Cache tensor (1, head, cache_t, d_k * 2),
+                where `cache_t == chunk_size * num_decoding_left_chunks`
+                and `head * d_k == size`
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Output tensor (#batch, time1, d_model).
+            torch.Tensor: Cache tensor (1, head, cache_t + time1, d_k * 2)
+                where `cache_t == chunk_size * num_decoding_left_chunks`
+                and `head * d_k == size`
+        """
+        q, k, v = self.forward_qkv(query, key, value)
+        q = q.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, time1, head, d_k)
+
+        # NOTE(xcsong):
+        #   when export onnx model, for 1st chunk, we feed
+        #       cache(1, head, 0, d_k * 2) (16/-1, -1/-1, 16/0 mode)
+        #       or cache(1, head, real_cache_t, d_k * 2) (16/4 mode).
+        #       In all modes, `if cache.size(0) > 0` will alwayse be `True`
+        #       and we will always do splitting and
+        #       concatnation(this will simplify onnx export). Note that
+        #       it's OK to concat & split zero-shaped tensors(see code below).
+        #   when export jit  model, for 1st chunk, we always feed
+        #       cache(0, 0, 0, 0) since jit supports dynamic if-branch.
+        # >>> a = torch.ones((1, 2, 0, 4))
+        # >>> b = torch.ones((1, 2, 3, 4))
+        # >>> c = torch.cat((a, b), dim=2)
+        # >>> torch.equal(b, c)        # True
+        # >>> d = torch.split(a, 2, dim=-1)
+        # >>> torch.equal(d[0], d[1])  # True
+        if cache.size(0) > 0:
+            key_cache, value_cache = torch.split(
+                cache, cache.size(-1) // 2, dim=-1)
+            k = torch.cat([key_cache, k], dim=2)
+            v = torch.cat([value_cache, v], dim=2)
+        # NOTE(xcsong): We do cache slicing in encoder.forward_chunk, since it's
+        #   non-trivial to calculate `next_cache_start` here.
+        new_cache = torch.cat((k, v), dim=-1)
+
+        n_batch_pos = pos_emb.size(0)
+        p = self.linear_pos(pos_emb).view(n_batch_pos, -1, self.h, self.d_k)
+        p = p.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+
+        # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+        q_with_bias_u = (q + self.pos_bias_u).transpose(1, 2)
+        # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+        q_with_bias_v = (q + self.pos_bias_v).transpose(1, 2)
+
+        # compute attention score
+        # first compute matrix a and matrix c
+        # as described in https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02860 Section 3.3
+        # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+        matrix_ac = torch.matmul(q_with_bias_u, k.transpose(-2, -1))
+
+        # compute matrix b and matrix d
+        # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+        matrix_bd = torch.matmul(q_with_bias_v, p.transpose(-2, -1))
+        # Remove rel_shift since it is useless in speech recognition,
+        # and it requires special attention for streaming.
+        # matrix_bd = self.rel_shift(matrix_bd)
+
+        scores = (matrix_ac + matrix_bd) / math.sqrt(
+            self.d_k)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+
+        return self.forward_attention(v, scores, mask), new_cache

backend/indextts/gpt/conformer/embedding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2020 Mobvoi Inc. (authors: Binbin Zhang, Di Wu)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# Modified from ESPnet(https://github.com/espnet/espnet)
+
+"""Positonal Encoding Module."""
+
+import math
+from typing import Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+
+class PositionalEncoding(torch.nn.Module):
+    """Positional encoding.
+
+    :param int d_model: embedding dim
+    :param float dropout_rate: dropout rate
+    :param int max_len: maximum input length
+
+    PE(pos, 2i)   = sin(pos/(10000^(2i/dmodel)))
+    PE(pos, 2i+1) = cos(pos/(10000^(2i/dmodel)))
+    """
+    def __init__(self,
+                 d_model: int,
+                 dropout_rate: float,
+                 max_len: int = 5000,
+                 reverse: bool = False):
+        """Construct an PositionalEncoding object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.xscale = math.sqrt(self.d_model)
+        self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=dropout_rate)
+        self.max_len = max_len
+
+        pe = torch.zeros(self.max_len, self.d_model)
+        position = torch.arange(0, self.max_len).unsqueeze(1)
+        div_term = torch.exp(
+            torch.arange(0, self.d_model, 2) *
+            -(math.log(10000.0) / self.d_model))
+        pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term)
+        pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term)
+        pe = pe.unsqueeze(0)
+        self.register_buffer('pe', pe)
+
+    def forward(self,
+                x: torch.Tensor,
+                offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0) \
+            -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Add positional encoding.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input. Its shape is (batch, time, ...)
+            offset (int, torch.tensor): position offset
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Encoded tensor. Its shape is (batch, time, ...)
+            torch.Tensor: for compatibility to RelPositionalEncoding
+        """
+
+        self.pe = self.pe.to(x.device)
+        pos_emb = self.position_encoding(offset, x.size(1), False)
+        x = x * self.xscale + pos_emb
+        return self.dropout(x), self.dropout(pos_emb)
+
+    def position_encoding(self, offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor], size: int,
+                          apply_dropout: bool = True) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """ For getting encoding in a streaming fashion
+
+        Attention!!!!!
+        we apply dropout only once at the whole utterance level in a none
+        streaming way, but will call this function several times with
+        increasing input size in a streaming scenario, so the dropout will
+        be applied several times.
+
+        Args:
+            offset (int or torch.tensor): start offset
+            size (int): required size of position encoding
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Corresponding encoding
+        """
+        # How to subscript a Union type:
+        #   https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/69434
+        if isinstance(offset, int):
+            assert offset + size < self.max_len
+            pos_emb = self.pe[:, offset:offset + size]
+        elif isinstance(offset, torch.Tensor) and offset.dim() == 0:  # scalar
+            assert offset + size < self.max_len
+            pos_emb = self.pe[:, offset:offset + size]
+        else:  # for batched streaming decoding on GPU
+            assert torch.max(offset) + size < self.max_len
+            index = offset.unsqueeze(1) + \
+                torch.arange(0, size).to(offset.device)  # B X T
+            flag = index > 0
+            # remove negative offset
+            index = index * flag
+            pos_emb = F.embedding(index, self.pe[0])  # B X T X d_model
+
+        if apply_dropout:
+            pos_emb = self.dropout(pos_emb)
+        return pos_emb
+
+class RelPositionalEncoding(PositionalEncoding):
+    """Relative positional encoding module.
+    See : Appendix B in https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02860
+    Args:
+        d_model (int): Embedding dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+        max_len (int): Maximum input length.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, d_model: int, dropout_rate: float, max_len: int = 5000):
+        """Initialize class."""
+        super().__init__(d_model, dropout_rate, max_len, reverse=True)
+
+    def forward(self,
+                x: torch.Tensor,
+                offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0) \
+            -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Compute positional encoding.
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (batch, time, `*`).
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Encoded tensor (batch, time, `*`).
+            torch.Tensor: Positional embedding tensor (1, time, `*`).
+        """
+        self.pe = self.pe.to(x.device)
+        x = x * self.xscale
+        pos_emb = self.position_encoding(offset, x.size(1), False)
+        return self.dropout(x), self.dropout(pos_emb)
+
+
+class NoPositionalEncoding(torch.nn.Module):
+    """ No position encoding
+    """
+    def __init__(self, d_model: int, dropout_rate: float):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=dropout_rate)
+
+    def forward(self,
+                x: torch.Tensor,
+                offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0) \
+            -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """ Just return zero vector for interface compatibility
+        """
+        pos_emb = torch.zeros(1, x.size(1), self.d_model).to(x.device)
+        return self.dropout(x), pos_emb
+
+    def position_encoding(
+            self, offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor], size: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return torch.zeros(1, size, self.d_model)

backend/indextts/gpt/conformer/subsampling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2021 Mobvoi Inc (Binbin Zhang, Di Wu)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# Modified from ESPnet(https://github.com/espnet/espnet)
+
+
+"""Subsampling layer definition."""
+
+from typing import Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+
+
+class BaseSubsampling(torch.nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.right_context = 0
+        self.subsampling_rate = 1
+
+    def position_encoding(self, offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor],
+                          size: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.pos_enc.position_encoding(offset, size)
+
+
+class LinearNoSubsampling(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Linear transform the input without subsampling
+
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an linear object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.out = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Linear(idim, odim),
+            torch.nn.LayerNorm(odim, eps=1e-5),
+            torch.nn.Dropout(dropout_rate),
+        )
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        self.right_context = 0
+        self.subsampling_rate = 1
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Input x.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: linear input tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time .
+            torch.Tensor: linear input mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time .
+
+        """
+        x = self.out(x)
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask
+
+
+class Conv2dSubsampling3(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Convolutional 2D subsampling (to 1/3 length).
+
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an Conv2dSubsampling3 object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(1, odim, 5, 3),
+            torch.nn.ReLU()
+        )
+        self.out = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Linear(odim * ((idim - 2) // 3), odim))
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        # The right context for every conv layer is computed by:
+        # (kernel_size - 1) * frame_rate_of_this_layer
+        self.subsampling_rate = 3
+        # 4 = (5 - 1) * 1
+        self.right_context = 4
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Subsample x.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time // 3.
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time // 3.
+            torch.Tensor: positional encoding
+
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1)  # (b, c=1, t, f)
+        x = self.conv(x)
+        b, c, t, f = x.size()
+        x = self.out(x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(b, t, c * f))
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask[:, :, :-2:3]
+
+
+class Conv2dSubsampling2(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Convolutional 2D subsampling (to 1/2 length).
+
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an Conv2dSubsampling4 object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(1, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+        )
+        self.out = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Linear(odim * ((idim - 1) // 2), odim))
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        # The right context for every conv layer is computed by:
+        # (kernel_size - 1) * frame_rate_of_this_layer
+        self.subsampling_rate = 2
+        # 2 = (3 - 1) * 1
+        self.right_context = 2
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Subsample x.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time // 2.
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time // 2.
+            torch.Tensor: positional encoding
+
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1)  # (b, c=1, t, f)
+        x = self.conv(x)
+        b, c, t, f = x.size()
+        x = self.out(x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(b, t, c * f))
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask[:, :, 2::2]
+
+
+class Conv2dSubsampling4(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Convolutional 2D subsampling (to 1/4 length).
+
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an Conv2dSubsampling4 object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(1, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(odim, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+        )
+        self.out = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Linear(odim * (((idim - 1) // 2 - 1) // 2), odim))
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        # The right context for every conv layer is computed by:
+        # (kernel_size - 1) * frame_rate_of_this_layer
+        self.subsampling_rate = 4
+        # 6 = (3 - 1) * 1 + (3 - 1) * 2
+        self.right_context = 6
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Subsample x.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time // 4.
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time // 4.
+            torch.Tensor: positional encoding
+
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1)  # (b, c=1, t, f)
+        x = self.conv(x)
+        b, c, t, f = x.size()
+        x = self.out(x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(b, t, c * f))
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask[:, :, 2::2][:, :, 2::2]
+
+
+class Conv2dSubsampling6(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Convolutional 2D subsampling (to 1/6 length).
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+        pos_enc (torch.nn.Module): Custom position encoding layer.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an Conv2dSubsampling6 object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(1, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(odim, odim, 5, 3),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+        )
+        self.linear = torch.nn.Linear(odim * (((idim - 1) // 2 - 2) // 3),
+                                      odim)
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        # 10 = (3 - 1) * 1 + (5 - 1) * 2
+        self.subsampling_rate = 6
+        self.right_context = 10
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Subsample x.
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time // 6.
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time // 6.
+            torch.Tensor: positional encoding
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1)  # (b, c, t, f)
+        x = self.conv(x)
+        b, c, t, f = x.size()
+        x = self.linear(x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(b, t, c * f))
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask[:, :, 2::2][:, :, 4::3]
+
+
+class Conv2dSubsampling8(BaseSubsampling):
+    """Convolutional 2D subsampling (to 1/8 length).
+
+    Args:
+        idim (int): Input dimension.
+        odim (int): Output dimension.
+        dropout_rate (float): Dropout rate.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, idim: int, odim: int, dropout_rate: float,
+                 pos_enc_class: torch.nn.Module):
+        """Construct an Conv2dSubsampling8 object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(1, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(odim, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+            torch.nn.Conv2d(odim, odim, 3, 2),
+            torch.nn.ReLU(),
+        )
+        self.linear = torch.nn.Linear(
+            odim * ((((idim - 1) // 2 - 1) // 2 - 1) // 2), odim)
+        self.pos_enc = pos_enc_class
+        self.subsampling_rate = 8
+        # 14 = (3 - 1) * 1 + (3 - 1) * 2 + (3 - 1) * 4
+        self.right_context = 14
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            x: torch.Tensor,
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor,
+            offset: Union[int, torch.Tensor] = 0
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """Subsample x.
+
+        Args:
+            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor (#batch, time, idim).
+            x_mask (torch.Tensor): Input mask (#batch, 1, time).
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled tensor (#batch, time', odim),
+                where time' = time // 8.
+            torch.Tensor: Subsampled mask (#batch, 1, time'),
+                where time' = time // 8.
+            torch.Tensor: positional encoding
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1)  # (b, c, t, f)
+        x = self.conv(x)
+        b, c, t, f = x.size()
+        x = self.linear(x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(b, t, c * f))
+        x, pos_emb = self.pos_enc(x, offset)
+        return x, pos_emb, x_mask[:, :, 2::2][:, :, 2::2][:, :, 2::2]